Tolerance of dark septate endophytic fungi (DSE) to 1 agrochemicals in vitro / Tolerancia de hongos endofíticos septados oscuros a agroquímicos in vitro

Abstract Dark septate endophytes (DSE) are a heterogeneous group of fungi, mostly belonging to the Phylum Ascomycota, that are involved in a mutualistic symbiosis with plant roots. The aim of this study is to evaluate the behavior of two strains of DSE isolated from wheat roots of two cropping areas in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, against some agrochemicals. Of all the isolates obtained, two strains were identified as Alternaria alternata and Cochliobolus sp. These DSE were found to be tolerant to glyphosate, carbendazim and cypermethrin when evaluated at the recommended agronomic dose (AD), 2 AD and, in some cases, 10 AD. This work contributes to the study of the biology of this group of fungi and their tolerance in the presence of xenobiotics widely used in agriculture.© 2019 Asociaci´on Argentina de Microbiolog´ıa. Published by Elsevier Espa˜na, S.L.U. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync-nd/4.0/).

Resumen Los endófitos septados oscuros (DSE) son un grupo heterogéneo de hongos que participan de una simbiosis mutualista con raíces de plantas, perteneciendo principalmente al Phylum Ascomycota. El objetivo de este estudio fue aislar DSE de raíces de trigo proveniente de dos áreas de cultivo de la provincia de Buenos Aires y evaluar el comportamiento de dos cepas de DSE aisladas de raíces de trigo frente a algunos agroquímicos en dos áreas de cultivo de la provincia de Buenos Aires. De todos los aislamientos obtenidos se seleccionaron dos cepas que se identificaron como Alternaria alternata y Cochliobolus sp. Se encontró que estos DSE son tolerantes al glifosato, el carbendazim y la cipermetrina, evaluados a las dosis agronómicas recomendadas (AD), a 2x AD y, en algunos casos, a 10x AD. Este trabajo contribuye al conocimiento de la biología de este grupo de hongos y su tolerancia a xenobióticos ampliamente utilizados en la agricultura.

Potential of natural repellents methylanthranilate and anthraquinone applied on maize seeds and seedlings against house sparrow (Passer domesticus) in captivity / Potencial de repelentes naturais, metilantranilato e antraquinona aplicados em sementes de milho e mudas contra o pardal (Passer domesticus) em cativeiro

Abstract Various bird pests caused severe economic losses to valuable crops and fruit orchards all over the world. Among the birds, house sparrow is also considered to cause heavy plunder, not only to seeds of crops but also seedlings especially in organic farming. In present study two bird repellents, methylanthranilate and anthraquinone tested against house sparrows on maize seeds and seedlings in aviary conditions. Trial group in aviary-I, the treated maize seeds and seedlings with different doses of both bird repellents, control group in aviary-II, untreated seeds and seedlings were provided for three hours in the early morning. In each aviary, two closed circuit cameras were also installed to monitor the behavioral responses against different concentrations of both chemical repellents. Statistical analysis showed that there existed highly significant (P<0.01) variations among the trial and control groups for seeds and seedlings. By comparing both repellents, significant (P<0.05) differences were detected and anthraquinone showed better efficacy when compared to methylanthranilate, but in maize seedlings both repellents equal repellent properties. Non-significant (P>0.05) differences were observed in different grading of both natural chemical repellents for maize seeds while significant (P<0.05) variations were noticed for maize seedlings when provided to sparrows. By videotaped behavior sparrows presented manifest head juddering and feather upsetting activities by consumption of treated seeds and seedlings with higher concentrations of both natural bird repellents.

Resumo Várias pragas de aves causaram graves perdas econômicas para cultivos valiosos e pomares de frutas em todo o mundo. Entre os pássaros, o pardal da casa também é considerado um grande saqueo, não só para as sementes das culturas, mas também para as mudas, especialmente na agricultura orgânica. No presente estudo, dois repelentes de aves, metilantranilato e antraquinona testados contra pardais de casa em sementes de milho e mudas em condições de aviário. O grupo de ensaio em aviary-I, as sementes de milho tratadas e as mudas com diferentes doses de repelentes de aves, grupo de controle em aviary-II, sementes não tratadas e mudas foram fornecidas por três horas no início da manhã. Em cada aviário, duas câmeras de circuito fechado também foram instaladas para monitorar as respostas comportamentais contra diferentes concentrações de ambos os repelentes químicos. A análise estatística mostrou que existiam variações altamente significativas (P<0,01) entre os grupos de teste e controle para sementes e mudas. Ao comparar os dois repelentes, detectaram-se diferenças significativas (P<0,05) e a antraquinona apresentou maior eficácia quando comparada ao metilantranilato, mas em mudas de milho, ambos os repelentes são iguais às propriedades repelentes. As diferenças não significantes (P>0,05) foram observadas em diferentes classificações de repelentes químicos naturais para sementes de milho, enquanto as variações significativas (P<0,05) foram observadas para as mudas de milho quando fornecidas aos pardais. Por um comportamento gravado em video, os pardais apresentaram manifestações de cabeça e vibrações de penas por consumo de sementes tratadas e mudas com maiores concentrações de repelentes de aves naturais.

Efecto de diferentes plaguicidas sobre el crecimiento de Azotobacter chroococcum / Different pesticides effect on Azotobacter chroococcum growth

Se evaluó el efecto de diferentes agroquímicos cuyos principios activos se basan en Carboxin: 5,6-dihydro-2-methyl-N-phenyl-1,4-oxathiin-3 carboxamide; Tiram: tetramethylthioperoxydicarbonic diamide; Imidacloprid: (1-(6-cloro6-4-piridinil-metil)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ilideneamina); Cipermetrina: (1RS)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-diclorovinil)-2,2-dimetilciclopropano carboxilato de (RS)-ciano-3-Fenoxibencilo; S-metolachloro: (S)-2-cloro-N-(2-etil-6-metil-fenil)-N-(2-metoxi-1-metil-etil)-acetamida; Fluometuron: 1,1-dimetil-3(alfa, alfa, alfa-trifluoro-m-tolil) urea y Glifosato: (N-(fosfonometil) glicina) sobre la viabilidad del inoculante biológico Monibac® - Corpoica cuyo ingrediente activo es la bacteria diazotrófica no simbiótica Azotobacter chroococcum AC1, aplicando las técnicas de concentración mínima inhibitoria y de compatibilidad. Los resultados demostraron la susceptibilidad del microorganismo frente al insecticida cipermetrina al 50% y al ser mezclado con los demás plaguicidas en la dosis utilizada regularmente en campo. Se encontró que no hubo efectos significativos (P < 0.05) en la aplicación de los plaguicidas (Carboxin, Thiram, Imidacloprid, S-metolachloro, Fluometuron y Glifosato) sobre A. chroococcum AC1, bajo las diferentes dosis evaluadas infiriendo que esta bacteria en condiciones de laboratorio es capaz de tolerar estas sustancias químicas mediante diferentes mecanismos fisiológicos sin afectar su crecimiento.

The effect of different agrochemicals whose active ingredient is based on Carboxin: 5,6-dihydro-2-methyl-N-phenyl-1,4-oxathiin-3carboxamide; Tiram: tetramethylthioperoxydicarbonic diamide; Imidacloprid: (1-(6-cloro6-4-pyridinyl-methyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ilideneamina); Cypermethrin: (1RS)-cis, trans-3-(2.2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylate (RS)-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl; S-metolachlor:(S)-2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methyl-phenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-acetamide; Fluometuron: 1,1-dimethyl-3 (alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-m-tolyl) urea and Glyphosate: (N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine) on the viability of biological inoculant Monibac ® - Corpoica whose active ingredient is based on non-symbiotic diazotrophic bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum AC1, applying the minimum inhibitory concentration and compatibility techniques. The results demonstrated the susceptibility of the organism Cypermethrin 50% and when it is mixed with other pesticides in the rate used in the field regularly. It was found that there were no significant effects (P< 0,05) of pesticides (Carboxin, Thiram, Imidacloprid, S-metolachlor, Fluometuron and Glyphosate) under the different concentrations tested suggesting that this bacterium is able to tolerate these chemicals by different physiological mechanisms without affecting their growth in laboratory level.

Tolerance of Oscillatoria isolates to agrochemicals and pyrethroid components.

Four isolates of Oscillatoria sp from an Indian paddy field have been tested for their tolerance to agrochemicals and pyrethroid components. The isolates possessed considerable tolerance to agrochemicals and reduced toxicity of pyrethroid components towards fish.

Evaluación de medidas de seguridad en el manejo de fitosanitarios para cultivos en dos localidades de la República Argentina / Evaluation of safety procedures in the handling of phytosanity products for extensive farming in two areas of Argentina

Las actividades agrícolas tendientes a lograr una producción de alimentos acorde a las necesidades crecientes de la población mundial implican, entre otras tecnologías, el uso de fitisanitarios. Asumiendo los aspectos positivos y negativos de esta práctica,interesa abordar el estudio de ciertos puntos críticos, analizando en sistemas de producción extensiva de dos localidades representativas el conocimiento de los usuarios (productores y aplicadores contratados) sobre los productos usados, factores a tener en cuenta al momento de aplicación, toxicidad de los productos, normas de seguridad personal y su fuente de asesoramiento. Herbicidas, insecticidas y funguicidas son, en este orden, los tipos de productos utilizados en estos sistemas. La mayoría de los usuarios no conocen la clasificación toxicológica, por tanto tampoco asumen el riesgo de cada producto. Los elementos de protección se reducen a guantes y en algunos casos a máscaras, reemplazadas tambien por barbijos o pañuelos. Quienes han sufrido intoxicaciones tienen real conciencia del riesgo, pero ello no significa que hayan incrementado las precauciones en el manejo. Desconocen los centros provinciales para el tratamiento de este tipo de emergencias